International Sale Of Goods ( Cisg ) Essay - 1070 Words

Introduction: Stylish Corporation is a manufacturing company that produces apparel and is currently located in the United States. The company is interested in expanding the business globally and are considering Mexico as the new location for a factory. The company would like to know the benefits and the obstacles they will encounter in this expansion. Do the benefits outweigh the obstacles? Facts and Laws: Aspects of U.S. laws that will affect the company in dealing with Mexico: 1. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), was signed in 1994, is a trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and United States. NAFTA eliminated all trade barriers and created investment opportunity for businesses between these countries. The lower tariff will reduces export cost from the Mexico factory to the U.S. market, causing the company to have a larger profit margin compared to other countries that are not under this agreement. 2. U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), signed in 1988, this provides a uniform rules for the sale of good by the countries who have signed this agreement. The CISG contains rules on the interpretation of contracts, negotiation, and the form of contracts. However, some issues that might arise in a contract are not answered like the validity of the contract. This issue will depend on the country’s national law. The U.S. and Mexico have both signed CISG agreement. 3. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), enacted in 1977,Show MoreRelatedThe United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)705 Words   |  3 Pagesfor the International Sale of Goods (CISG) The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) was formed in Vienna in 1980 by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). The treaty which is commonly referred to as the Vienna Convention came in to force in the year 1988 upon ratification by several countries. Its main purpose is to provide a uniform and fair legislation that governs international contracts involving the sale of goods betweenRead MoreFacts About Blissful Dance Shoes862 Words   |  4 Pagesregime in the contract of international sale of goods between BDS and the foreign country There is no international law applied into the contract of the international sale of goods. Instead, the domestic law of the seller, buyer, or third party could be applied in the contract. Moreover, the parties usually refer to the CISG Convention , but this convention is a model law only. It means that the CISG is just a guideline rule for the parties in the international sale of goods. There is no obligationRead MoreThe United Nations Convention On Contracts867 Words   |  4 PagesUnited Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of goods entered into force January 1 1988. Among the 79 states that have ratified or acceded to the treaty to date are Australia, Canada, the United States, Japan, the Republic of Korea, China, and Singapore. The Vienna Convention, as CISG is also known, was designed to systemise and rationalise international contracts in a particular region, drawing from a common legal framework. The CISG is divided into three substantive parts plusRea d MoreCisg2275 Words   |  10 PagesThe Impact of the CISG International Business Transaction and CISG What is CISG? CISG stands for Contracts on International Sale of Goods and it is a United Nation Convention. It was adopted in 1980 in Vienna convention as an international trade agreement. The main purpose of this convention was to eradicate any uncertainty, which was caused by distinct local laws, which concerned international trade. With the help of this agreement international trade became easy and hassle free. ThisRead MoreTreibacher Industrie, A.G. V Allegheny Technologies, Inc (2006)941 Words   |  4 PagesTreibacher disputed the meaning of the term â€Å"consignment†-the delivery term contained in both contracts.   TDY introduced experts in the metal industry who testified that the term â€Å"consignment,† according to its common usage in the trade, meant that no sale occurred unless and until TDY actually used the TaC.   Treibacher introduced evidence of the parties prior dealings to show that the parties, in their course of dealings (extending over a seven-year period), understood the term â€Å"consignment† to meanRead MoreDefinition Of Good Faith Becomes Binding By Virtue Of Application Of The Un Convention On Contracts3203 Words   |  13 Pagesconcept of good faith becomes binding by virtue of application of The UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and the European Principles of Contract Law as the most important international instruments on contract law and will be summarize as follows (I) Background. (II) Purpose and Applicability. (III) Similarities and Differences. (IV) Concept of Good faith. (V) Conclusion. (I) Background. International salesRead MoreTransfer Of Risks Of International Sales Of Goods1904 Words   |  8 PagesTransfer of risks in international sales of goods Item 1 Monograph Atiyah P. S, Adams J. N, MacQueen H, The Sale of Goods ( 11th ed, Pearson Education Limited 2005) This book focus on the domestic law of sale of goods. Chapter 20 in this book introduce transfer of risk and frustration of contrast in Sale of Goods Act 1979. Firstly, this chapter give me a well-rounded and clear understanding about the risk in the international sale of goods by comparing the distinction between the doctrines ofRead MoreThe United Nations Convention On Contracts2259 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Described as the ‘most succesful international document so far’, CISG has unified international sales law whilst protecting the freedom of contract by allowing Contracting States the option of taking exception to certain specified articles. This flexibility was instrumental in convincing states with disparate legal traditions to suscribes to an otherwise uniform code. A number of countries signed the CISG made delcarations and reservations as to the treaty’s scope, the UK howeverRead MoreSustainable Development and International Business Law Report3868 Words   |  16 PagesSustainable development and international business law 1) Executive summary This scenario involves four countries and four separate business transactions. Further, it involves several main legal issues which will be dealt with in the discussion. * The first issue is which law will govern the transactions between the parties – domestic or international law, and the implications of both. * The scenario raises the issue of the selection of incoterms which will best accommodate the interestRead MoreInternational Business Relations Between Countries And Different Legal Systems1841 Words   |  8 Pagesstate that International Business Transactions is a field which deals with commercial contracts between two or more countries. They can be ranging from the simplest form- trade to the most complicated kind of foreign direct investment. As a layman would understand it simply means an area of law that deals with international business relations between countries having different laws, rules and regulations. So one might think, when there is a contract of sale of goods, services or goods and services

John Locke And Rousseaus Theory Of The State Of Nature

Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau all claim an integral space in the realm of political philosophy. Through their respective dissertations, each author analyzed man in his natural state and derived a form of civil society from that conclusion. While each author observes man in his own way and thus come to his own forms of subsequent government, equality seems to be a defining feature in all of their theories. All authors engage this notion heavily within their texts and use this comparison of man to man to draw powerful inferences from that. This paper will briefly summarize Hobbes’, Locke, and Rousseau’s definition of the state of nature and then critically analyze the role of equality in crafting the construction of government. In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes paints a grim picture about man’s natural state. Famously characterized as â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short (Hobbes 89),† man’s life is chaotic. The state of nature, Hobbes insists, is a â€Å"state of warre(Hobbes 88)† which pits men against men. Man naturally aims for felicity, defined as â€Å"continual success in obtaining those things which a man from time to time desire, that is to say, continual prospering (Hobbes 46).† People think of their own interests and their pursuits of said interests may put them into conflict with another, in which violent war may emerge. Man, thus, lives in a state of constant fear. Hobbes proposes that all people, then, submit to a sovereign. They must enter aShow MoreRelatedPolitical Theory: Property1369 Words   |  6 Pagesconfounding concepts in the discipline of political theory is the issue of property. Classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle dedicate a large part of their works to speculations about the state of nature and property ownership. However, a comprehensive theoretical exploration of the concept of private property ownership is credited to relatively modern philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau. The writings of Locke and Rousseau on property ownership are quite fascinatingRead MoreModern Liberalism and Political Policies1337 Words   |  6 PagesLiberalism Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau’s political philosophies and theories each differ from one another’s, but these three philosophers have all staked their claims as to what man would be like, prior to the formation of the state. This is the State of Nature. Their notions on the social contract reflect their position on the political spectrum. These three philosophers also examine the purpose and function of the government to individuals of the state. Modern liberalism isRead MoreJohn Locke: Founding Father of Modern Era Liberalism1444 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke are all great thinkers who were greatly influential in forming philosophies that would affect the future of politics. By analyzing each philosopher’s ideology, we can identify which thinker’s theory reflected modern era liberalism the most. For this paper I will be arguing that, John Locke provides a more compelling framework of modern era liberalism because of his perception of the state of nature, the social contract and the function of governmentRead MoreLocke And Rousseau s Theory Of A Social Contract1206 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau are often associated with modern liberal ideas such as equality for all citizens, freedom and liberty, etc†¦ However, Locke and Rousseau present far more nuanced arguments in their works and although they share views on some aspects they ultima tely have a different political philosophy. Locke and Rousseau have clearly distinct social contract theories, interpretations of man and the state of nature. In his work, Discourse on Inequality, establishes the idea ofRead MoreThe Writings Of John Locke And Jean Jacques Rousseau1596 Words   |  7 Pageswritings of John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau have had a significant impact on the controversy of what constitutes legitimate political power. They both believe in man’s natural mortality, and they also state that creating a social contract and legitimate government is necessary to avoid conflict. Both philosophers hold different perspectives and opinions, however they are both concerned with the same question: What renders exercises of a political power legitimate? Rousseau and Locke have severalRead MoreJohn Locke vs Jean-Jacques Rousseau.1663 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are great political philosophers that have many similar insights abo ut society and its political form. However, when closely examining the writings of these thinkers, one can easily discover many subtle differences among them. The two philosophers base their theories on different assumptions, which subsequently lead to dissimilar ideas about the origin of society and the constitution of governments. As a result, their views of the development of society greatlyRead MoreJohn Locke s Theory Of Theory And Social Discourse1253 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1690, John Locke, an Englishman, wrote his Second Treatise on Government which argued for a government featuring a societal sovereign that protected property. A half century later, Jean Jacques Rousseau published Discourse on Inequality, a piece that explored the proprietary origin and distribution of equality while subtly critiquing John Locke’s theories. By the time Karl Marx began to explore bourgeois society and its shortcomings, Rousseau was an established Locke critique who Marx’s On th eRead MoreRousseau ´s Solution to  ¨The Fundamental Problem ¨1178 Words   |  5 Pages The opening line of Jean-Jacques Rousseaus influential work The Social Contract (1762), is man is born free, and he is everywhere in chains. Those who think themselves masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they. These are not physical chains, but psychological and means that all men are constraints of the laws they are subjected to, and that they are forced into a false liberty, irrespective of class. This goes against Rousseaus theory of general will which is at the heartRead MoreConceptions of the Social Contract Theory924 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau were political philosophers who formulated their own version of the social contract theory. The social contract theory is a treaty or an agreement that developed a set of laws, organized a functional society, and created the need to be governed. It was put into place when man realized that there was no law. Mankind eventually sought the desire for security and order. To rece ive security and order people shall voluntarily give up all their rightsRead MoreAnalysis Of Jean Jacques Rousseau s Perfect Freedom Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesFor Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s claim to be deliberated as true (or at least mostly true), it would require that the essence of the claim is subjectively challenged. First, it would demand that an analysis, substantiated with empiricism, could validate how the family unit is the impetus to dependency and vanity. Secondly, it would appeal for evidence of how dependency and vanity ultimately leads to exploiting the violent and evil tendencies of humanity. Finally, it must be able to provide a link, demonstrated

Motherhood and the Behavioral Patterns Free Essays

string(27) " sex towards the students\." CHAPTER I THE PROBLEMS AND ITS SCOPE Introduction Our society today is focusing on a very problem regarding early motherhood. The primary cause of early motherhood is premarital sex. Sexual intercourse nowadays is very common and an open topic between lovers, friends, parents and their children especially in the third world countries such as the US and UK, and also in school. We will write a custom essay sample on Motherhood and the Behavioral Patterns or any similar topic only for you Order Now Parents are the ones who would advise their children not to engage in premarital sex as much as possible but if ever it’s an open subject to them, they should advise their children not to forget their condoms or even have their Depovella injection. Our country, Philippines, is not considered a first-world country but since we are westernized, this topic has been open to us. Teenagers and young adults who are not married are already engaging in premarital sex thus becoming young mothers. Premarital sex is not just the one involve here but also the different vices that women are engaged in. different vices such as drinking alcohol and taking drugs will also lead to early motherhood. Many factors are involved in becoming young mothers. These factors may push an adolescent or teenagers to engage in premarital sex and become pregnant. Being pregnant at an early age has different risks. It’s not just the mother that is at risk but also the baby inside the womb. And after giving birth, women at early age still do not know the responsibilities of being a mother in order for the baby to live happily and healthy. Background of the Study Most women today are engaging in pre-marital sex and some of them do not know much on how to protect them from getting pregnant. It’s really sad that when young women are already pregnant, their primary option is to abort the baby inside them. I my opinion, you can’t correct a mistake by committing another mistake. Getting pregnant at an early age is not the baby’s fault; it’s the one making or engaging on pre-marital sex who are to be blamed. Abortion is not just a sin to us humans but most of all to God. Statistics show that a report by Save the Children found that, annually, 13 million children are born to women under age 20 worldwide. Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2. 9 per 1000 in South Korea. Fertility rates in South Asia ange from 71 to 119 births per 1000 women aged 15–19. 30% of all Indian induced abortions are performed on women who are under 20. In the Philippines, according to the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study by the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI) and the Demographic Research and Development Foundation, 26 percent of our Filipino youth nationwide from ages 15 to 25 admi tted to having a premarital sex experience. What’s worse is that 38 percent of our youth are already in a live-in arrangement. The 1998 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) reveal that 3. million of our teenagers got pregnant. In 92 percent of these teens, the pregnancy was unplanned, and the majority, 78 percent, did not even use contraceptives the first time they had sex. Many of the youth are clueless that even on a single intercourse, they could get pregnant. Being a mother at an early age is a very difficult part to handle because at this point most likely they are not yet finished in their studies and having not graduated from college is very difficult to find noble jobs to sustain a family or the baby’s needs. Even if you have a partner, the father of the child is helping; it still doesn’t change the fact that the nether has the responsibility of taking care of the baby. In this study, we shall discuss the different impacts of being a mother at an early age in relation to their behavioral processes. We shall discuss how early motherhood affects their five (5) aspects: physically, mentally, emotionally, spiritually and socially. We shall also discuss the factors that pushed teenagers and young adults to engage in pre-marital sex. A thorough study, research and interview will be done. Statement of the Problem The prime objective the study is to know how the behavioral processes of women are affected by early motherhood. Null Hypothesis There is no significant relationship between women engaged in premarital sex and their experience as early mothers. There is no significant relationship between women engaged in different vices and their experience as early mothers. There is no significant relationship between women with family problems and their experience as early mothers. There is no significant relationship between different forms of media and women experiencing early motherhood. Significance of the Study To the young women This study will enable them to understand the importance of being a mother if they are still young. If they would really absorb the findings of this research paper, they will be more careful in handling themselves in relation to premarital sex. If they are mothers already, their knowledge about handling and understanding their baby’s needs will be broadened. To the Parents This study will enable them to be more alert and responsible in educating their children towards sex. Parents would learn something from the findings the importance of teaching their children the responsibility of being a mother to their baby. To the Government From this study, they will be encouraged to plan and organize programs for the benefit of the teenagers of today to be more careful in having an intimate relationship towards the opposite sex. They should also do something about the problems on widespread porno websites that even an eight year old kid who knows how to operate the computer can access. To the School Administration This study will enable them to be more practical and open in education of sex towards the students. You read "Motherhood and the Behavioral Patterns" in category "Papers" Scope and Limitations of the Study This research focused on the behavioral processes and factors of women experiencing early motherhood. This study includes a number of fifteen (15) young women, their age ranging from 16 to 25 years old, residing near us and they are even our friends. Questionnaires were given for them to answer. Definition of Terms Mother – a female parent; especially, one of human race; a woman who has given birth to a child. Motherhood – the state of being a mother; the qualities of a mother; the kinship relationship between an offspring and the mother. Behavior – manner of acting or conducting yourself; the aggregate of the response or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situation. Process – the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents; a series of actions, motions, or occurrences. Behavioral Processes – the manner of acting or conducting yourself towards a series of actions, motions, or occurrences. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Related Literature Buergo, Ramon H. â€Å"Teenage Pregnancy†. Healthbeat. The official Publication of the DOH. Issue #53. March-June 2009. This article talks about the reasons and repercussions of being pregnant at an early age, that a lot of young people today have children of their own and the Philippines is not far from this situation. Globally, there are 1. 2 billion youth today. In the Philippines, the total population is 88. 7 million, of which, 27. 3 million (31%) belongs to the 15-24 year old population. By age 17, a total of 7% of young women have been pregnant; by age 18, 11. 9% have been pregnant; and by age 19, 23. 5% have been pregnant. Majority of these pregnancies are out of wedlock and teenage pregnancy is higher among young girls with premarital sex experience. Imagine how sad to know the percentage of these young women in the Philippines is in this situation. Many reasons are involved in this kind of situation. These reasons are of women living away from home, smoking, drinking and using drugs. These risky behaviors may put many young women at risk of teenage pregnancy and thus become early mothers. Many young women got pregnant even for the first time women engaging in sex because they do not know about contraception and they do not know the fertile period of their menstrual cycle. The consequences of what they are doing are still unknown by them. These consequences involve the risk for malnutrition, risk for inadequate prenatal care, and risk for fetal deaths, risk for abortion, and risk for acquiring cervical cancer. These could be avoided if there is proper education to the young ones of today. There should be the responsibility and obligations from the parents, government, and schools. Related Studies Mother is synonymous with responsibility(service), opportunity(special membership in the home), and accountability(day-to-day molding of children’s character and future). Being a mother is having great love to your child whether you are young or not. According to Nestor Casugan Rillona, Th. D. , a loving mother is patient; a loving mother does not push her children into doing things he way; a loving mother is not relieved when her disagreeable child finally disobeys her directly and she can punish; a loving mother bears much of the responsibility for her children; and a loving mother never really dies. A research was made about a myth that a women’s ability to think was impaired by pregnancy and mothering a new born – this condition was referred to as â€Å"baby brain† and they have discredit it. An Australian National University team conducted a 20-year study on health and ageing analyzed the mental function of a group of women before and during pregnancy and in the early stages of motherhood. They didn’t find any difference between the women before and after pregnancy, or before and after motherhood, and there were no difference between the non-mothers and the mothers, and the pregnant women. These women that they used as subjects were given memory and cognitive speed tests three times over eight years which tracks their mental health. The subjects were not told that they are into a pregnancy study when they signed up. The study had found some limited impact on cognitive speed in late pregnancy and the result showed that carrying a baby had no permanent effects on a woman’s mental function. It was found out that â€Å"baby brain† is not inevitable and the perceptions of impairment may reflect emotional or other unknown factors. The attitude of adolescents towards sex is a behavior motivation. The sex behavior of the young has become a problem, not only to themselves but more so to parents, school, people, religious leaders, civic associations, and the government. There is a current need to make our growing girls and boys understand sex and the role it plays in an individual’s life as well as the development of wholesome and desirable sex behavior. Sex is a collective word signifying one of the two divisions of any organism, the male or female and which involves distinction between the two and the relationship of one to the other. Most people today realize the need for sex education, but there is a problem as to when, what and how of sex education. Sex education is not a matter of teaching but it is rather a matter of training, which parents are the best qualified to give. CHAPTER III DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS Profile Presentation Respondents Name Address Age at Pregnancy Age at Present Ritchie Ley Terez P-1, Lower Loboc, 20 yrs. Old 21 yrs. old Oroquieta City Kristy Muriedas Pob. 1, Oroq. City 17 yrs. Old 21 yrs. Old Princess Amyfe Aguilar Layawan, Oroq. City 16 yrs. Old 17 yrs. Old Elvie Eleanor Caliao Pob. 1, Oroq. City 24 yrs. Old 25 yrs. Old Q’lydFrances Morales Pob. 1, Oroq. City 19 yrs. old 22 yrs. Old Airah Sala P-1, Lower Loboc, 24 yrs. old 25 yrs. old Oroquieta City Rubelyn Batoy Pob. 1, Oroq. City 19 yrs. Old 24 yrs. Old Charity Omandam P-1, Lower Loboc 16 yrs. Old 17 yrs. Old Oroquieta City Arlyn Sepe Rizal St. , Oroq. City 23 yrs. Old 27 yrs. Old Lady Faith Ingcong Rizal St. , Oroq. City 18 yrs. Old 19 yrs. Old Janice Cotales Lopez Jaena, Mis. Occ. 19 yrs. Old 24 yrs. Old Charilyn Gemina Lopez Jaena, Mis. Occ. 18 yrs. Old 22 yrs. Old Reley Gumisong Bunga, Oroq. City 17 yrs. Old 18 yrs. Old Ma. Malyn Ortizo Bunga, Oroq. City 16 yrs. Old 18 yrs. Old Cielo Mae Gabule Pob. 2, Oroq. City 18 yrs. Old 20 yrs. Old Statistics Presentation January – 8 May- 5 September – 14 February – 11 June – 21 October – 10 March – 1 July – 15 November – 3 April – 6 August – 5 December – 12 {draw:frame} Interpretation of Data *Anal*ysis There are 15 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 100% which means that being a mother at an early age you have to commit yourself and your time wholly o your baby. There are 12 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 80% and 3 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 20% meaning majority of the respondents education were affected by early pregnancy and most of them didn’t finish their schooling. There are 4 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 27% and 11 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 73% and it means that majority of the respondents are God-fearing and considered the welfare and life of her baby. There are 3 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 20% and 12 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 80% and it means that most of them didn’t expect that they’ll be a mother at an early age. There are 15 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 100% which means that all of the respondents changed a lot on their attitude towards patience to their baby and other things. There are 13 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 87% and 2 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 13% and it means that most them considered motherhood as an obligation; that the welfare of their child lies on their hands. There are 8 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 53% and 7 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 47% and in this question the respondents are divided in according to their emotions whether they are stable or not. There are 14 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 93% and 1 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 7% and it means that almost all of the respondents’ social life is affected in the sense that they already have the responsibility to take care of. There are 5 women who answered yes and 10 answered no which means that some of women have regrets and some are happy for having child. There are 11 women who answered yes and 4 answered no which means that they have the confident that they have to raise their child with the full development of all 5 aspects. There 12 women who answered yes and 3 answered no which means that most of them want marriage. There are 13 women who answered yes and 2 answered no which means that love is the reason that motivates them to engage in premarital sex and they don’t have control that is why they got pregnant not at the right age. There are 2 women who answered yes and 13 answered no which means that they have the feelings of hatred after giving birth maybe in what happened they can’t accept. There are 2 women who answered yes and 13 answered no which means that some of their parents hurt them maybe the parents will not accept in what happened to their daughter for having a pregnant at early age. There are 8 women who answered yes and 7 answered no which means that their self-esteem lowered during pregnancy. Graph Presentation There are 100% who answered yes in question no. 1 in which there lifestyle change when they become mothers. draw:frame} There are 80% who answered yes and 80% who answered no in which their education was affected by early motherhood. {draw:frame} There are 27% who answered yes and 73% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents are God-fearing and considered the welfare of the child. {draw:frame} There are 80% who answered yes and 20% who answered no in which the majo rity of the respondents are expecting or planning to be a mother soon. {draw:frame} There are 100% who answered yes wherein the respondents have become more patient when they become mothers. draw:frame} There are 87% who answered yes and 13% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents considered motherhood as an obligation. {draw:frame} There are 53% who answered yes and 47% who answered no in which the respondents are almost divided in half in the question of being emotionally stable or not. {draw:frame} There are 93% who answered yes and 7% who answered no in which almost all of the respondents’ social life are affected when they become mothers. draw:frame} There are 33% who answered yes and 67% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents didn’t have regrets in getting pregnant at an early age. {draw:frame} There are 73% who answered yes and 27% who answered no in which the respondents are confident in developing the five aspects of their ch ild. {draw:frame} There are 80% who answered yes and 20% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents gave importance to marriage. draw:frame} There are 87% who answered yes and 13% who answered no in which the respondents are motivated by love when they had sex. {draw:frame} There are 13% who answered yes and 87% who answered no in which the respondents didn’t feel regret in having a child at an early age. {draw:frame} There are 13% who answered yes and 87% who answered no in which some of the respondents were hurt physically and morally by their parents upon learning that they are pregnant. draw:frame} There are 53% who answered yes and 47% who answered no in which they are divided almost half towards the lowering of their self-esteem. {draw:frame} CHAPTER IV RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY Research Design This research utilized narrative survey method to gather all fats and data concerning the behavioral processes of women experiencing early motherhood. The met hod utilized further to look into the profile in terms of age, location, and behavioral patterns. Research Setting This research was conducted in the house of the respondents in Lower Loboc, Pob. 1, and Lopez Jaena. Research Respondents The study utilized 15 women ages 16 to 25 years old. Research Instrument Utilized This research utilized questionnaires to gather all data and investigation concerning their behavioral process. Data Gathering Procedure We, the researchers asked the permission of the respondents. After the permission, the researchers asked about their profile and there was the submission of profile to the adviser. Questionnaires have been given to the respondents for them to answer. The data gathered in this study were analyzed with the aid of the following questions. METHODOLOGY CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS Summary The study deals with early motherhood and how it affects their behavioral patterns in terms emotional, physical, spiritual, mental and social aspects. Being a mother at an early age is not just a problem here in the Philippines but all over the world. It is a question of how you will be able to raise your child when you are not yet finish schooling, you don’t have stable jobs to have an income to support the child’s needs. You don’t have the idea how to raise a child when in fact you’re still a child inside. Motherhood means having the qualities of a mother and as for this statement a woman with a child should be loving, caring, responsible, patient, understanding, and merciful, etc. Having all these qualities of a mother should start from the first day of conception up to the day you die. Motherhood is lifetime commitment. It doesn’t end when your child goes to school or have family of their own. We the researchers were able to gather data and wereable to interpret and analyze them with the best. CONCLUSION After conducting the study entitled; Early Motherhood, the researchershave come up into a conclusions that there is no significant relationship between engaging in different vices and women early mother not just because you don’t have enough knowledge about it and aside from that the baby will burden the consequences and in effect, it leads to poor family upbringing. There is no significant relationship between women experiencing early motherhood and premarital sex. Because you are not at the right age and at the right time. Engaging premarital sex is not allowed in the church especially in the catholic faith. RECOMMENDATIONS The case of early motherhood is increasing year after year because of the widespread of all forms of media. The television, radio, newspapers and internets contains things not suitable for minors and these can be easily accessed, seen, heard, read by ages from 7 up who are able to read and write. These widespread medals should be restricted by the governments, parents, and the schools. The education of sex and everything should start at home by the parents. Parents should educate their children as early as possible as long as they already understand. Sex education is not just about mating but introducing first reproductive organs. An example is that parents should say to their until child the correct name of their genital organs like this not a â€Å"flower† or a â€Å"bridge† but it is your vagina or penis and you have to take care of them until you grow up. When watching televisions, parents should guide their children of what they are watching. The government should widen the campaign for sex education among you’ve women. They should implement programs on making the youth understand the importance of education before entering motherhood. They should also do something about the internet sites that even a 1st grader can access. The school administration should include sex education in all curriculums in high school or college. It should be well explained to the students the importance of finishing school and have stable job before having a baby. There should be counseling about having intimate relationships towards the opposite sex. As to the young women, they should have discipline in taking care of their honor and dignity. They should never engage in premarital sex if possible so to avoid pregnancy. If they can’t avoid engaging in premarital sex, they should know the different kinds of contraception. BIBLIOGRAPHY Rilloma, Nestor C. â€Å"Mandate of Motherhood†. Health and Home, May-June 2003. Buergo, Ramon H. â€Å"Reasons and Repercussions. Teenage Pregnancy†. Healthbeat. Issue No. 53. The Official Publication of DOH, March-June 2009. â€Å"Australian researchers put paid to â€Å"baby brain† myth†. Psychology and Psychiatry. Psyorg. com. 5 Feb 2010. http://www. physorg. com/news184570915. html Singson, Rebecca B. â€Å"Teen Pregnancies in the Philippines†. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 14 June 2010. http://ardictionary. com/Mother/7320 http://thefreedictionary. com/motherhood How to cite Motherhood and the Behavioral Patterns, Papers

Free Reflective Journal Describing Stress in Work Condition

Question: Write report on "Reflective journal:Stress in work condition". Answer: Introduction Office Stress is ordinary by and large. Stress itself is less a dreadful thing. It is outlined that stress is a human reaction to diverse perspectives in his or her surroundings that becomes all-good without a hitch. They further suggest that stress can once in a while go about as an eagerness. In any case, unfathomable stress stages can intercede with a solitary's viability. Also, it can have an unbelievable effect on their enthusiastic and wellbeing (Hicks, 2007). Extreme stress is also uneven. This is a consequence of the way that pressure understands low adequacy, rouses truancy, and results in remarkable salaries, drawback pay-outs and a prolonged employee agreement plan. Furthermore, pressure can make an employee become amplified to his or her organization separated from chafing expert organization (Cooper, 2008). Along these lines, it is indispensable for authorities to see any reactions and signs of stress among their associates and themselves sufficiently right on time to dodge effects on the affiliation's capability stages. This will help people see the inherent issue and search for measures to oversee it. In the end, it will decrease the effect of stress on business viability and capability. This report tests for to see the resources and kinds of pressure at perform and how the responses of pressure can be seen by individuals (Krohne, 2002) (Monat, 2001). Stress Management Stress is a routinely sourced example. Then again, there are unique sections both inside and outside the workplace establishing that provoke needless pressure among employees in an association. (Nolan, 2009), illuminates the wellbeing treadmill issue as workers having more performances distributed than it is possible to finish in a consistent perform day. This regularly realizes masters working their entire perform move without taking any pulverizes. As demonstrated by (Crandall, 2005), draining is the important aquifer of pressure. The next source of pressure amid regulators is contacting or company declining. This takes place when there are such a variety of actions continuing in the connection with minimal connections that it creates ill-defined regarding association locations and the particular aspect in accomplishing them. It is basic that stress in individuals be seen as in front of timetable as could be permitted in order to make the best possible answer for the circumstances. There are diverse markers that can demonstrate if an individual is constrained. In the meantime, to enhance the likelihood of making a careful evaluation, it is alluring over secure a true blue govern under "conventional" conditions to record for the character of each person (Weiss, 2012). (Aldana SG, 1996), chooses a prompt relationship between individual timetables and saw stress. To put it clearly, it communicates that healthier calendars including physical action, healthier sustenance, and relentless rest straight effect a singular's understanding and impenetrability to stress. Furthermore, keeping up a vital separation from terrible lifestyle choices, for instance, pharmaceutical ill-use, wagering, and merciless associations will enhance one's ability to adjust to stress. Henceforth, the minimum requesting methodology to adjust to various sorts of stress is to look at healthier timetables. Moment Stress: This is the spot individuals require a considerable measure of your essentialness. Such individuals stress and are concerned by the amount of things they ought to do. Hence, they fear and anxiety that they will, in the end, disregard to do something basic (Fried, 2008). Essentially, such workers experience stuck, miserable and astounded about their position. Pros under this kind of stress fear about work due dates and the lion's share of time hurry to go. Hopeful Stress: This illuminates the stress that workers involvement regarding the long run. The vital assumption is that workers regularly fear about the way that something may happen over the whole deal. (Albrecht, 2010), claims that such stress is for the most part based on a particular event or event inside the affiliation which straight affect him or her yet for which he or she has no organization or effect over. This kind of stress can sometimes be dubious and unexplained in view of how individuals expect their own specific pending. Conceptual Stress: It happens when people are in an amazing situation over which they have no company. A significant package of time, this happens in mild of a problems that happens in the association. Such conditions may integrate a problem of project, lack of acceptance or modify is place in a singular's collecting. Furthermore, when people consult large drops before the company and their affiliates, it creates them constrained (Long, 2006). Experience Stress: It goes around personal connections. People get restricted when they are fretful about getting a particular people or a particular personal. It continually happens in a situation where benefits match with clients or clients who may be in some sort of issues. Regulators and social employees are really acquainted with this kind of stress in viewpoint of the kinds of people they modify to. Furthermore stressful is a connection by an employee with the field working with collecting duplicating an agreement or documentation event (Albrecht, 2010). Conclusion and Future Work "Stress is a usually sourced example which can go about as a motivation under the right conditions. Of course, in the same route accordingly an assortment of distinctive things in life, an undesirable of uneasiness will have antagonistic repercussions with effects that will surpass individual and expert cut-off focuses. Neglected, astounding stress will hurt a singular's wellbeing and viability (Vieet, 2011). As organization and managers, we are exclusively situated to recognize the diverse resources and sorts of stress. Also, we may even can potentially take development centred at rising these advantages and sorts of uneasiness. Then again, we ought to first have the ability to recognize the signs of uneasiness with a particular final objective to impact the fitting business changes. References 1. Albrecht, K. (2010). Stress and the Manager. New York: Simon and Schuster, Business and Economics. 2. Aldana SG, S. L. (1996). Relationships between leisure time physical activity and perceived stress. Provo, UT: Department of Physical Education, Brigham Young University. 3. Cooper, L. C. (2008). Causes, Coping and Consequences of Stress at Work. New York: Wiley. 4. Crandall, R. P. (2005). Occupational Stress: A Handbook. New York: Taylor Francis. 5. Fried, M. R. (2008). Stress Management for Success in the Workplace. London: Oxford University Press. 6. Hicks, T. C. (2007). A Guide to Managing Workplace Stress. California: Universal Publishers. 7. Krohne, W. H. (2002). Stress and Coping Theories. Germany: Johannes Gutenberg-University. 8. Long, B. C. (2006). Aerobic Conditioning and Stress Inoculation: A Comparison of Stress Management Interventions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 517-542. 9. Monat, A. L. (2001). Stress and Coping: An Anthology. Columbia: Columbia University Press. 10. Nolan, M. (2009, June 22). Top Ten Sources of Workplace Stress and How to Fight Them. Retrieved from peoplemetrics. 11. Vieet, V. S. (2011). Stress: Coping Mechanisms in the Workplace. Retrieved from Yahoo. 12. Weiss, T. W. (2012, May 29). Workplace Stress: Symptoms and Solution. Retrieved from disabled-world.

Gaga and Audience Study free essay sample

Music videos also have their own implications. Sq said in an article by Seibel. Com, If anything, the video simply amplifies what music ideas have been all along: a giant commercial for an artist to sell records with and this is more than true with Gaga but as well as selling music, music videos are also helping he sell concert tickets. Concerts are where the majority of the money is made in the modern industry due to the increase in piracy. Consequently, her music videos become promotion to her concerts and actively act as a preview of what you can expect from her concert.An example would be the costume changes throughout her died for telephone. She changes from a telephone headpiece to a leopard print leotard. The multiple costume changes not only put into practice what she preaches but it becomes a preview of what fans can expect from her concerts which is excessive costume changes. We will write a custom essay sample on Gaga and Audience Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This ultimately shows how the more physical products music artists make, the more they are Just trying to increase their sales of other things in the effort to earn more money from their fans.The same conclusion could then be drawn from the latest thing of having lyric videos for singles could Just be an encouragement for fans to purchase something else to increase the commercial success for artists and their labels. This raises a more significant implication of how more and more mediums are being created for fans to buy into and the impulsive buying from fans are further increasing the profits made from Gaga as a brand.Fans tend to buy merchandise and anything with their idols on them in the effort to prove they are the biggest fans and again like music, they are tangible things in which artists sell and no doubt contributed to Sagas $90 million dollar profit last year :according to Forbes). Ere relationship created by Lady Gaga with her fans is no doubt commercially driven Ninth the intention to pave a way for an increase in sales to maximize the return on investing in Gaga in the first place.Although it is unknown the exact figure that Gaga earned over the past year, Forbes has estimated her earnings at double her fellow musician Kathy Perry at $90 million with her label, management etc. Earning more. There is no doubt that her record label is the real winner in the relationship, although Lad y Gaga isnt far behind. They both benefit on a material basis in terms of financial return on their investment while Little Monsters only benefit on a sentimental level. Although you cant put a price on emotional happiness, they get nothing material form the relationship.In essence, they are being taken advantage of as they are marketing and actively supporting their idol that earns money while they get from the relationship is sentimental value. As well as this many implications from the relationship established between Gaga and her Little Monsters can be explored. Others include the use of social media to utilities the skills and dedication of fans for their commercial gain. Implications such as these cement the idea of how the label ND Gaga are definitely the winners of the relationship created via the excellent establishment of Gaga as a media product.In conclusion, Lady Gaga and her relationship with her audience clearly show the commercial agenda behind the establishment of relationships between the product and the buyer. Several implications can be raised from the relationship particularly ho benefits. Other implications include fans dependency on their idols such as Saga and also the commercial agenda behind signing talents where the music Industry is becoming more about the personality and brand they can sell rather than he voice or talent.It is clear that the record label is the real winners who benefit extremely well from the financial success of Gaga as a consumer driven brand. However how long can advocate difference last? Dominating the 2010 Vamp, Gaga hasnt even received a single nomination this year. But no doubt it will take more than a VIM nomination to break down the important relationship between Gaga and her 30 million strong Little Monsters and no doubt Gaga and her label have a few more tricks up their sleeves for the evolution of the brand that is Lady Gaga for many [ears to come yet.

Climate Change and Its Connections to Norms Lifestyle

Climate Change and Its Connections to Norms Lifestyle In May 2014,  two new climate change studies  were published, showing that the catastrophic collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet is underway, and has been for over two decades. The melting of this sheet is significant because it acts as a linchpin for other glaciers and ice sheets in Antarctica that will, in turn, melt over time. Ultimately, the melting of the south polar ice cap will raise sea levels globally by as much as ten to thirteen feet, adding on to the sixty-nine  feet of sea level rise that scientists have already attributed to human activity.  A 2014 report by The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned  that we are underprepared for extreme climate events, as has been demonstrated by deadly heat waves, droughts, floods, cyclones, and wildfires. Yet, there is a troubling gap between the serious reality depicted by climate change science and the level of concern among the U.S. public. An April 2014 Gallup Poll  found that, while most U.S. adults view climate change as a problem, only 14 percent believe that the implications of climate change have reached a â€Å"crisis† level. A full third of the population believe that climate change is not a problem at all. Sociologist Riley Dunlap, who conducted the poll, also found that self-identified political liberals and moderates are far more concerned about the impacts of climate change than are conservatives. But, regardless of political inclinations, worry and action are two different things. Across the U.S., meaningful action in response to this harsh reality is scant. Research shows clearly that the level of carbon dioxide in the atmospherenow at an unprecedented 401.57  parts per millionis a direct result of the process of capitalist industrialization that has unfolded since the late 18th century. Climate change is a direct consequence of the widespread, now globalized, mass production and consumption of goods, and of the material construction of our habitat that has accompanied it. Yet, despite this reality, production and construction continue unabated. How Consumerism Shapes Our Impact on the Climate Its hard to accept that things need to change. As people who live in a society of consumers, who are steeped in consumerist way of life, we are socially, culturally, economically, and psychologically invested in this system. Our everyday life experiences, our relationships with friends and loved ones, our practices of leisure and amusement, and our personal goals and identities are all organized around practices of consumption. Many of us  measure our self-worth by how much money we make, and by the quantity, quality, and newness of stuff we are able to buy. Most of us, even if we are critically aware of the implications of production, consumption, and waste, can’t help but want more. We are inundated with advertising so clever that it now follows us around the internet and pushes notifications of sales to our smartphones while we shop. We are socialized to consume, and so, when it comes down to it, we don’t really want to respond to climate change. According to the Gallup poll, most of us are willing to acknowledge that it is a problem that must be addressed, but it seems that we expect someone else to do that work. Sure, some of us have made lifestyle adjustments, but how many of us are involved in forms of collective action and activism that work productively toward  social, political, and economic change? Most of us tell ourselves that achieving large-scale, long-term change is the work of the government or corporations, but not us. What Fighting Climate Change Really Means If we believed that a systemic response to climate change was an equally shared responsibility, was our responsibility, we would be responding to it. We would cast aside the mostly symbolic responses, given their marginal impact, of recycling, banning plastic shopping bags, swapping incandescent for halogen lightbulbs, purchasing â€Å"sustainable† and â€Å"green† consumer goods, and driving less. We would recognize that the solution to the dangers of global climate change cannot be found within the very system that has caused the problem. We would, instead, recognize that the system of capitalist production and consumption is the problem. We would renounce the values of this system, and foster new values oriented to sustainable living. Until we do that, we’re all climate change deniers. We may recognize that it exists, but most of us are not protesting in the streets. We might have made some modest adjustments to it, but we’re not giving up our consumer lifestyle. Most of us are in stark denial of our complicity in the changing climate. We are in denial of our responsibility to facilitate the necessary social, cultural, economic, and political changes that could begin to stem the tide of catastrophe. However, meaningful change is possible, but it will only happen if we make it so. To learn about how sociologists are addressing  climate change, read this report from the American Sociological Associations Task Force on Climate Change.

Why has Tesco's loyal card scheme been successful where competitors' Dissertation

Why has Tesco's loyal card scheme been successful where competitors' schemes have not - Dissertation Example It has over two thousand stores all over United Kingdom and has a wide range of products from everyday items of groceries to electric appliances to the mortgage market and even a clothing line. This indicates the level of diversity that this store has been into. The company does not target a specific niche; instead it has been very successful at capturing the mass market yet providing a customized approach to the masses. Thos customer centric and market oriented approach has helped Tesco become better than ever before, defeating all its competitors by making sure all their systems were intact. Its success involved its customer loyalty card which helped Tesco gauge customer interests, trends and ready-to-use market research that was in line with customer needs and wants. Surprisingly, when Tesco’s loyalty card scheme was thriving, other firms using the loyalty card concept were declining. There is no doubt about the fact that Tesco’s business model and effective strategi es helped it raise its profits and give benefits to customers at the same time. Following is an analysis of Tesco’s success and the impact of the loyalty card scheme on it. ... hat Tesco is a wonderful example of those companies who are benefiting greatly with the use of loyalty cards, by identifying consumer need and anticipating their demand by looking at past trends and regular patterns of buying. All customers who shop from there earn points for shopping and can later use those points for free shopping from any Tesco store. This helps gauge customers loyalty. On the other hand, Tesco itself makes sure that it shows its loyalty to customers too. Moreover, by classifying trends of consumers Tesco has been able to make huge profits even after giving benefits to customers. This mutual interest and benefit to both helps create a win-win situation maintaining loyalty of customers and raising company profits. In itself, this research, taking Tesco as a successful case of giving out loyalty cards to its customers will help analyze the circumstances in which loyalty cards actually work and whether it is worth giving benefits to customers in return for the inform ation that they provide. Even though competitors like Sainsbury also copied this scheme of Tesco, it nearly failed because for first, Tesco had a first mover’s advantage in this industry, and it was known for being customer focused instead of product focused. As a result of this, customers were probably more inclined towards a company that positioned itself as a beneficiary for the customers, giving them benefits of the loyalty card along with excellent customer care which made them feel loyal towards the company. Along with the Loyalty card, the credit of this trust and credibility that Tesco had earned was also because of its efficient processes and fast paced technological improvements that helped it stay perfectly on track with the proficiently functioning supply chain. Thanks to the

Marketing of the islamic finance(we want to market the islAMIC Thesis Proposal

Marketing of the islamic finance(we want to market the islAMIC FINANCE) - Thesis Proposal Example Hence the topic of this research proposal is â€Å"an assessment of service quality dimensions of Islamic and conventional banks and its impact on customer satisfaction: A case study in Jordan. The SERVQUAL model which addresses five dimensions of service quality would be utilised in the research study to help in assessing the gap between perceptions and expectations of the customers who are offered services by the banks. In order to achieve the aims and objectives of the study, a questionnaire survey would be conducted and the respondents would include customers of five Islamic banks at Jordan and five other conventional banks. Various statistical tools and techniques would be used to analyse the data obtained through the questionnaire surveys to get accurate results. The total budget allocated for conducting this research study has been estimated to be $16,000 and three years’ timeline has been set to successfully complete this research study. The research plan and the time line associated with various activities that are needed to be done to conduct this study have been presented with the help of Gantt chart. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Literature Review 7 Research Gap and Aim 10 Research Concept 11 Research Method 13 Questionnaire Survey 14 Data Sources and its Analysis 14 Budget and Timeline 15 References 17 Introduction The Islamic finance and banking sector is found to have experienced global acceptance at a rapid rate since 1975, when the first commercial Islamic bank was established (John, 2012). Charging of interest and its payment on financial transactions is prohibited in Islam. Moreover equality and social justice with the help of wealth distribution within the society are advocated by Islam. These Islamic principles are believed to have been institutional to promote Islamic financing worldwide on a large scale. The assets corresponding to the Islamic finance sector is experiencing a growth rate of around 15 to 20 pe r cent and it is expected that by the end of the year 2015 the assets would increase to around US$2 trillion (John, 2012). The Islamic financial institutions were also observed to have performed strongly during the recent global financial crisis (GFC) and it has further increased the reputation of Islamic finance sector as an alternative to the financing system followed conventionally. However, the Islamic finance sector faces various challenges in its way to global expansion as well. Some of these challenges include the dearth of knowledge about the Islamic financing system amongst the consumers and the regulatory environment that is prevalent in some of the countries of the world which imposes restrictions on Islamic financial institutions to offer certain types financing products. This research proposal will try to present a comparative study about the service quality dimensions related to conventional and Islamic financial institutions and banks with special reference to Jordan. A comparative study of the Islamic and conventional banks in Jordan suggested that the Islamic banks were more stable in their performance than the conventional banks during the recent global financial crisis (GFC) (Al-ali, and Yousfi, 2012). The Islamic banks at Jordan are found to be more profitable than the convent

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Project management - Essay Example Through technology, various tools have been invented in the area of management which facilitates projects that would see business improvement (Madura 2006). Some of these tools include, but not limited to, Gantt charts, network analysis, part charts, budget profiling among others. These tools help different organizations to improve their businesses in different ways. For example, they help in organization of events. Generally, an organizational plan is a list of what will be done and in what way for a specified period of time (Lamb et al 2008). Organizational structures enable reporting and task distribution to be created using organizational units like departments. Project management tools help in risk management plan. They tie together all components of risk management into a functional whole (Bausch & Schwenker 2009). These components include risk identification, risk analysis and risk mitigation. For a project to achieve its desired goals, there is a need for organization and cooperation. In terms of the quality assurance of a project, there is a need to build a team for the vision (Bausch & Schwenker 2009). A team can only be well organized if the project manager incorporates the project management tools in the designing process. This team is composed of key players who have expert knowledge on the financial, legal, operational, and marketing sectors (Lock 2007). The marketing experts play the key role of evaluating the best markets for the companies’ products (Anselmo 2010). When the management team employs project management tools in their project, the operation experts are able to facilitate operation and handling issues of techn ology, which may form part of the project. In order to complete the current project successfully, the following assessment criteria would be applied. First, it will be important to identify competent personnel that will be mandated to undertake the project. Then, a project plan will be

Research methodology: Family support in bipolar disorder

Research methodology: Family support in bipolar disorder CHAPTER 111 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY NEED FOR THE STUDY Bipolar affective disorder is a recurrent and long term mental illness which can affect the lives of the people in a much serious manner. Globally the lifetime prevalence of all forms of the illness, often referred to as bipolar spectrum disorders, has been estimated to be 5% in the general population. The national rate of affective disorder in India as 34 per 1000 population.(Ganguli 200) For most of the patients family is the primary care givers. There are not many studies in India done in this area. The most important protective factor for a person with mental illness is social support and emotional support from a closely associated relationship. Often, but not always, this close relationship is with a spouse/partner or parent. People lacking such a close supportive relationship are at greater risk of anxiety and depression and any kind of mental illness. Despite the high burden of mental disorders and the fact that a significant portion of this burden can be reduced by primary and secondary prevention, most of the people in India do not have access to mental health care due to inadequate facilities and lack of human resources. India has a community mental health program that consists of integrating basic mental health care into general health care services by training primary health care personnel in mental health care. It can, however, be safely concluded that a sole reliance on the trained mental health professionals may not be the best way to move ahead. So this study attempt to see if there is any association between recovery and family support. This study would enhance the involvement of family in mentally ill patients, especially Patients suffering from BPAD. SCOPE OF THE STUDY Family support is a significant factor for a person with any kind of illness, let alone mental illness. This study aims to see if there is any significant relation between the family support and recovery in the patients with BPAD. Family systems are very much intact in traditional Indian families. This is an excellent resource in the area of mental health services. The finding of this study will help to reinforce the necessity of the community based mental health services. Also this may help to bring more awareness in the society regarding the significance of support from family and friends. AIM OF THE STUDY To study the comparison of family support in recovered persons and non recovered persons with Bipolar affective disorder. OBJECTIVES To study the socio demographic details of persons with BPAD To study the family support among patients with BPAD who are recovered and who are not recovered To compare the family support of recovered persons and non recovered persons with BPAD OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS Family: The primary care givers of the patient, who can be father, mother, brother, sister, spouse, son, daughter, uncle, aunt, daughter in law, son in law, grandmother/father, grand daughter/son. Family support Aid or help given by the members in the family in order to meet physical as well as emotional needs of the patient. Bipolar Affective Disorder: F31-ICD 10 A disorder characterised by two or more episodes in which patient’s mood and activity level are significantly disturbed, this disturbance consisting of some occasions of an elevation of mood and increased energy and activity ( hypomania or mania) and on others of lowering of mood and decreased energy and activity( depression).Repeated episodes of hypomania or mania only are considered as Bipolar. Recovery: Recovery requires_>8 consecutive weeks with either no symptoms or only 1–2 mild symptoms with no functional impairment.(Research diagnostic criteria) HYPOTHESIS: There will be high family support for recovered persons than non recovered persons with bipolar affective disorder. RESEARCH DESIGN The researcher has used descriptive research design for the current study. UNIVERSE Mental Health Action Trust Clinics in Malappuram, and Wayanad is the universe of the study. POPULATION: Persons with Bipolar affective disorder in Morayur, Vengara,Ponnani, Pulikkal,Veliyancode, Ambalavayal, kambalakkad was selected. SAMPLE: Sample size of the study was 60. 30 recovered patients and 30 non recovered patients. Non probability sampling method (Purposive sampling) was used to select both recovered and non recovered patients. Clinician impression as per RDC criteria was used to select both the groups; 30 recovered patients and 30 non recovered patients. Researcher informed the clinics early and the listed patients in the list were asked to be present on the clinic day. Thus data was collected TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION A structured Questioner schedule to retrieve the socio-demographic details. Standardised tool for Family support Secondary data will be collected from the patient files of the clinics. Description of tools: 1. A structured Questioner schedule is developed by the researcher to profile the personal, family, social, work. There are total 13 questions among which 9 are about the personal details of the participant. The remaining four questions are directed to the family. 2. Social Support Appraisal scale (SSA; Vaux et al, 1986): The social support appraisal scale developed by Vaux et al, (1986) is to measure subjective appraisal of support. The SSA is a 23-item instrument based on the idea that the social support is in fact a support only if the individual believes it is available. These subjective appraisals are also viewed as related to overall psychological well being. The SSA taps the extent to which the individual believes he or she is loved by, esteemed by and involved by family, friends and others. The SSA was studied with 10 undergraduate and community samples involving 979 respondents. The mean age ranged from mid teens to 48. The samples were approximately 60% female. The SSA has very good internal consistency, with alpha coefficients that ranges from 0.81 to 0.90. No data on stability was reported. The SSA was subject to considerable evaluation of its validity resulting in very good concurrent, predictive, known groups and construct validity. The SSA is significantly correlated in predicted ways with a variety of measures of social support and psychological well-being, including net work satisfaction, perceived support, family environment, family environment, depression, positive affect, negative affects, loneliness, life satisfaction and happiness. Each item is rated on a scale of 1 (strongly agree), 2 (agree), 3 (disagree), 4 (strongly disagree). The subjects were asked to mark one of the four options given for each of the items in the scale. The SSA is scored by reverse scoring on items 3, 10, 13, 21, 22 and adding up the individual items for a total score, with lower scores indicating a stronger subjective appraisal of social support. In addi tion to the total score, the 8 ‘family’ items make up SSA- family scale and 7 ‘friend’ items make up a friend subscale. The remaining items refer to others in general. This scale has been used in different studies for measuring perceived social support among the people. Panditi (2004) to study the perceived social support among cured alcoholics, Uthaman (2004) to study social support among persons with depressive disorder, Jaison (2004), to study social support among wives of prisoners and Bhadra (2006) to assess the social support among disaster survivors . Secondary data Secondary data was collected from the file records from the clinics as well as a small questionnaire prepared by the researcher. The questionnaire has 6 questions. These questions included the name of the clinic, duration of illness, last episode, is the patient functioning well or not. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION The administrative head of the clinic was met for the permission and plan would be sought to identify the respondents for the current study- and patient Interview tool was used for the data collection The clinician listed out the respondents in the both groups of participants. The administrative head of the clinic was informed beforehand and tools were administered to each of the participants. The objective of the study was clearly explained to the respondents. Ethical issues were clearly explained to them and informed consent of the participants were obtained. They were given freedom in deciding to participate in study. The respondents were allowed to withdraw from the study during the study. None of the respondents from both groups refused to participate in the study. Socio demographic details were taken down from both the patient and the bystander. The tool for family support was translated in Malayalam and questions were asked by the researcher. Each interview took 15 to 20 minutes. DATA ANALYSIS The data collected from 60 patients were coded into binary data manually for the purpose of statistical tests using SPSS 16.0 version. The statistical method used were descriptive statistics namely mean to compare the family support between the 2 groups of patients. Frequency distribution and percentage for items on age, gender, religion, education, occupation, relationship with the primary care giver was done. T test of the mean of the social support of both the groups was done to see the significance of the Hypothesis. INCLUSION CRITERIA Patients who have at least a 2 years of history of Bipolar affective disorder Patients Who are taking treatment at MHAT clinics Patients and family members who will give consent for the study EXCLUSION CRITERIA Patients of other diagnosis other than BPAD. Patients and families who do not give consent Patients who are staying in institutions other than with families Patients who are not under the treatment in MHAT clinics ETHICAL ISSUES The participants were clearly explained the purpose of the study and they were given the freedom to withdraw from the study. Informed consent obtained from the samples for the study. Confidentiality of the information was maintained.

Freedom of Expression on the Internet: Comparison between Canada and the United States :: Free Speech in Cyberspace

I. Introduction â€Å"Congress shall make no law †¦ abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as stated by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution[1]. Most subsequent democracies have adopted this view as well, believing that it is a fundamental part of what makes a democratic system effective. For example, Canada has given their citizens the right to freedom of speech; but like the United States, they have placed certain limitations which restrict its usage. The limitations were put in place because the right to free speech had been abused, especially when considering its use in cyberspace. Freedom of speech in cyberspace is inherently a global issue because the Internet is so pervasive, so Canada and the United States are being extremely cautious by using preventative techniques. After looking at the ethical issues involved, I believe that speech in cyberspace should not be completely â€Å"free† and should be regulated by increasing the security me asures placed on Internet websites. II. Background In order to thoroughly grasp the significance of free speech in cyberspace, it is important to review the basics of free speech in general. Free speech is â€Å"the right to express any opinion in public without censorship or restraint by the government,† but also the right to listen/read/watch another person’s right to free speech.[2] Although this definition states that the government cannot use censorship, the government has afforded itself some loopholes. The Fourteenth Amendment extends the right of free speech to state and local governments as well as government-run institutions (public schools, colleges, and universities). Private schools are not restricted, yet most choose to adopt the policies of free speech anyways or are mandated to do so by the state governments.[3] The key words to notice here are â€Å"public† and â€Å"private†, as they can easily demonstrate the right to free speech. If the free speech takes place in a public forum, such as in books or at the park, then it cannot be censored. However, if it takes place in a private forum, such as within a private building or organization, then the free speech can be censored. The Canadian government provided a constitutional guarantee of freedom of expression in 1981 under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. However, the Canadian courts have used Section 1 of the Charter (provides that all rights are subject to such reasonable limits as can be justified in a free and democratic society) to â€Å"justify various forms of censorship.

Legal Case

Legal Studies In December 2002 Dominic Li answered his front door to two men (Richard Nimmo and Maua Sua) both armed with guns. Sua and Nimmo were being paid by Yonky Irvin Tan, a drug dealer whom Li’s brother in law owed money to. Both Sua and Nimmo poured hydrochloric acid onto Mr Li where he suffered burns to his face, became blind and burns to his oesophagus. Mr Li painfully passed away three weeks later due to these injuries sustained as they led to a blockage in his throat that blocked his breathing. Tan was found guilty of plannng the murder and sentenced to life in prison.Sua and Nimmo were found not guilty to the murder but found guilty on other offences. Identify the correct legal citation of the case Name: Dominic Li – Satorre v R, R v AB, R v Tan – Acid attack and murder Date: 13th December 2002 Outline the elements of the offence In this case the elements of this case include the planning of the event by Tan. This is known as the men’s rea (gu ilty mind) this is proven by Tan admitting he had planned out the act and paid Sua and Nimmo to kill Li for him. Also acts rea is established in this case.Acts rea is the guilty act and is revealed in the case by Sua and Nimmo pouring the acid on Li’s face which eventually led to Li passing away three weeks later due to the injuries suffered in the attack. The overall offence of this act was murder. Describe the factors that might have led to the criminal behaviour. Economics was the factor/motive for this murder. Li’s brother in law (Phillip Ma) owed Tan money and had disappeared. Tan then planned out the murder of Li as a way of finding out where Ma was and to portray to Ma that it was a sign that Tan was coming after him.Outline the reporting and investigation of the crime Mr Li’s murder was reported to the police by his wife who looked on in horror as her husband had the acid poured down his throat and on his face at gunpoint. The evidence that was discovere d at the crime scene was the DNA of Sua and Nimmo (Fingerprints on guns and acid bottle). Explain the role of the courts The role of the courts is to hear cases being put forward by the two parties and decide the outcome of the hearing. In this case the case was heard at the NSW Supreme Court.It was heard in Supreme Court as the offence committed was too severe for the local courts as it was a murder case. Outline the legal representation The legal representation in this case is the roles of both the crown and the prosecutor. The role of the crown in cases is to act as the prosecuting party against the defendant. The Crown is usually abbreviated or represented by R. e. g. R v Smith. The role of the prosecutor is to assist the court in that the truth of the offence has been arrived and achieved. Identify the PleaIn the case of Dominic Li’s murder the offenders involved in the crime Tan, Sua, Nimmo and Sattore all pleaded innocent but were found guilty on various offences. Firs tly Tan was found guilty of planning the murder and was sentenced to life in prison. Secondly Sua and Nimmo were found guilty but were acquitted because one of Tan’s associates that was involved in proving Sua and Nimmo’s guilt and been in prison on previous occasions was seen as unreliable. However, both Sua and Nimmo were found guilty of drug offences and both prisoned to 24 years prison.Finally Sattore, who was found guilty of driving Sua and Nimmo to Li’s house was charged with being an accessory to the crime as he admitted to having prior knowledge of the planned murder and was sentenced to 16 years in prison. After the sentences were handed down Sattore expressed his sympathy and sorrow towards the victim’s friends and family. Discuss the factors that affect the sentencing decision Factors that affect sentencing decisions are conditions that may influence the final outcome and affect the result e. g. educe or increase the punishment handed down. The se conditions are considered by the court when determining whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. Some conditions may reduce the severity of the charge. These conditions are known as mitigating offences. In addition, conditions that may result in the charge becoming more severe are known as aggravating offences. In Mr Li’s case the mitigating offence shown was that of Mr Tan’s associates being labelled as unreliable therefore leading to the murder charges on Sua and Nimmo being dropped.Explain the penalty given Penalties given to the defendant may include time in prison. The judge determines the time that the defendant has to serve in prison based on the severity of the case that is being heard. In the case of Mr Li’s murder the judge handed down the sentence of life in prison to Mr Tan, 24 years in prison to both Sua and Nimmo and 16 years imprisonment to Sattore. Analyse the extent to which the law balances the rights of victims and offenders.In cases pr esented in court, the courts have to ensure the both the rights of the victims and the offenders are upheld. These rights must be met without any bias or unfairness towards one party. In the case of Mr Dominic Li’s death, his family and Mr Li himself have had their rights maintained as they know that the people responsible for Mr Li’s death are serving a long time in prison for what they did. On the other hand the rights of the offenders have also been upheld. Justice has been served to Tan, Sua, Nimmo and Sattore.This has been done by Sua and Nimmo being acquitted because of an unreliable source being used as a witness and providing an unstable statement. However, the rights of Li’s family were once again maintained as both Sua and Nimmo were still charged for other offences and face lengthy prison sentences. Furthermore , Sattore has been dealt justice as he is still serving time for his part in the murder but hasn’t been given as severe punishment as t he other member because he did not actually take part in the killing he just drove the murderers to Li’s house.He also admits to feeling extremely sorry for his actions and all of the offenders must live with the guilt of murdering Mr Dominic Li for the rest of their lives. In conclusion, the rights of both the victims and offenders have been upheld throughout the case by the final outcome. The family of Mr Li can get a sense of security and satisfactory out of knowing that the people who killed their beloved family member are serving time behind bars. Finally, the rights of the offenders were maintained because each member was given a fair trial and received a reduce punishment except for Mr Tan. Bryce Donovan

Free Essays on Black Women In The Media

Mainstream media’s affect on the credibility and imaging of the Black Woman â€Å"Bend over to the front, touch your toes, bounce that ass up and down and get low!† blasts the latest rap song that seems to get a substantial amount of airtime. This particular song instructs a woman on how to perform an erotic strip tease. These lyrics are a small fragment of the images conveyed of Black women to audiences domestically as well as internationally. The American medium which includes radio, television, film, and other forms of advertisement continues to produce degrading, misleading, and destructive images of Black women. These images become unrelenting negative stereotypes that weaken the Political credibility of Black women in the White dominated patriarchic society. Cultural images of African American women based on stereotypes are at the very foundation of the problem of African American women’s limited access to societal resources and institutions (Jewell, 1992, p. 12). Stereotype as used here â€Å"is an imitation, a copy of something of someone that is, by means of the media machinery, held up first as THE symbol or symbols to the exclusion to others; and then repeatedly channeled out to viewers so often that in time it becomes a ‘common’ representation of something or someone in the minds of viewers† (Blackwood, 1986, p. 205). The purpose of this piece is to briefly examine factors that contribute to the social and political disenfranchisement of the Black woman. In particular, I examine how the oppressors use imagery and ideologies to maintain their superiority, while consigning Black women to an unscrupulous societal status. The media have been an effective instrument for conveying and proliferating cultural images (Jewell, 1992, p. 71). The â€Å"bad-black-girl† is depicted as alluring, sexually arousing and seductive. She fulfills the sex objectification requirement of White womanhood, although she is portrayed as... Free Essays on Black Women In The Media Free Essays on Black Women In The Media Mainstream media’s affect on the credibility and imaging of the Black Woman â€Å"Bend over to the front, touch your toes, bounce that ass up and down and get low!† blasts the latest rap song that seems to get a substantial amount of airtime. This particular song instructs a woman on how to perform an erotic strip tease. These lyrics are a small fragment of the images conveyed of Black women to audiences domestically as well as internationally. The American medium which includes radio, television, film, and other forms of advertisement continues to produce degrading, misleading, and destructive images of Black women. These images become unrelenting negative stereotypes that weaken the Political credibility of Black women in the White dominated patriarchic society. Cultural images of African American women based on stereotypes are at the very foundation of the problem of African American women’s limited access to societal resources and institutions (Jewell, 1992, p. 12). Stereotype as used here â€Å"is an imitation, a copy of something of someone that is, by means of the media machinery, held up first as THE symbol or symbols to the exclusion to others; and then repeatedly channeled out to viewers so often that in time it becomes a ‘common’ representation of something or someone in the minds of viewers† (Blackwood, 1986, p. 205). The purpose of this piece is to briefly examine factors that contribute to the social and political disenfranchisement of the Black woman. In particular, I examine how the oppressors use imagery and ideologies to maintain their superiority, while consigning Black women to an unscrupulous societal status. The media have been an effective instrument for conveying and proliferating cultural images (Jewell, 1992, p. 71). The â€Å"bad-black-girl† is depicted as alluring, sexually arousing and seductive. She fulfills the sex objectification requirement of White womanhood, although she is portrayed as...

Cholelithiasis Study Essay Essays

Cholelithiasis Study Essay Essays Cholelithiasis Study Essay Essay Cholelithiasis Study Essay Essay Aims: General Aims: * This survey aims to develop the cognition. accomplishments and attitudes of studentnurses through effectual use of nursing procedure in covering with the class intervention of patient with Cholelithiasis. Specific Aims: * To construe the pertinent informations gathered from the patient and important others. * To larn the elaborate procedure of the disease associated with its bar and intervention and somehow help the patient and her household promote. prevent and reconstruct wellness by supplying equal nursing intercessions Introduction Cholelithiasis is the formation of rocks ( concretion or bilestones ) within the vesica or bilious canal system. Altered gall flow through the hepatic. cystic or common bile canal is a common job. It frequently leads to redness and other complications. Gallstones are the most common cause of obstructed blood flow. Clients with gall bladder upset may see hurting. multiple metabolic and nutritionary perturbations and altered organic structure image. Nursing attention addresses physiologic and psychosocial demands of the client and household. A common digestive upset worldwide. where 75to80 % of bilestones are of the cholesterin type. and about 10 to 25 % of bilestones are bilirubinate of either black or brown pigment. In Asia. pigmented rocks predominate. although recent surveies have shown an addition in cholesterin rocks in the Far East. Harmonizing to Tierney et. . al 2005 It affects more than 10 % of work forces and 20 % of adult females by age of 65 and affects 30 % to 40 % of peo ple by the age of 80 old ages. They are uncommon in kids and immature grownups but become more prevailing in increasing age. The incidence of bilestones varies among people of different cultural backgrounds. In Asia. pigmented rocks predominate. although recent surveies have shown an addition in cholesterin rocks in the Far East. Gallstones are crystalline constructions formed by concretion ( indurating ) or accumulation ( attachment of atoms. accretion ) of normal or unnatural gall components. Harmonizing to assorted theories. there are four possible accounts for rock formation. First. gall may undergo a alteration in composing. Second. gall bladder stasis may take to bile stasis. Third. infection may predispose a individual to lapidate formation. Fourth. genetic sciences and human ecology can impact rock formation. There are surgical and non surgical remotion of GaIlastones. Nonsurgical direction includes Dissolving bilestones. rock remotion by instrumentality. Intracorporeal Lithotripsy and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy while surgical direction includes Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Cholecystectomy. Mini Cholecystectomy. Choledochostomy. Surgical and Percutaneous Cholecystectomy In the instance of our patient the intervention that cured her gall bladder disease is surgical remotion of thegallbladder. cholecystectomy. Generally. when rocks are present and causingsymptoms. or when the gall bladder is infected and inflamed. remotion of the organ is normally necessary. Most patients see no further symptoms after cholecystectomy. However. mild residuary symptoms can happen. which can normally be controlled with a particular diet and medicine. Our group was given chance to hold a infirmary exposure at Lipa Medix Medical Center last December 10. It was on that said day of the month that the group found a creditable instance reasonable to be presented as instance presentation and was agreed by whole group. The patient. F. O. was one of the patients admitted because of Cholelithisis. The group chose patient F. O as their capable chiefly because her instance posed as a really intricate instance necessitating due apprehension and cognition. Making this instance is a good avenue to broaden the proponents’ cognition about the unwellness involved. Mentions:Brunner and Suddhart’s Medical Surgical Nursing. ( 2010 ) . Smeltzer et Al. . 12th Ed. Volume 2. Appraisal and Management of patient with BiliaryDisorders pp 1172-1179 Principles of Medical Surgical Nursing. Lemone and Burke. 4th Ed. Volume 1. Nursing Care Of Clients with Gall vesica. Liver and Pancreatic Disordders pp 697-698. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. scribd. com hypertext transfer protocol: //cureresearch. com/g/gallstones/stats. htm

Equity and Cost Methods in Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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English Final Exam Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English Final Exam Questions - Essay Example The loathing he has for the common people is evident when his English teacher comes to see the show at Carnegie Hall, where he is the usher, and he wonders, offended, what business she had there â€Å"among all these fine people and gay colors.† Somehow, for Paul, there is no redemption for common people. He is so self absorbed that he thinks that only people he idealizes are actually good people. He does not care whether his family loves him or are concerned about him, because to him they are not worthy of his attention as they do not come up to his standards of worthy people, so to speak. A classic narcissist, he does not care about anyone other than himself. When he is stealing money, he does not concern himself with who would have to pay it back, or whether anyone would come after his father – the thought does not even cross his mind. Similarly, when he discovers that his father ended up paying the money Paul had stolen and had now started to search for his son, he was concerned about himself: he did not want to go back as he still wanted to enjoy the pseudo life he was living. It seems as if he is always trying to impress those around him, trying to set himself apart from them. Whether it is by his insolence towards his teacher, or his flat out lying amongst his peers, it is clear that he does not want them to see him as one of their own. He does not want to belong to them – he looks down on them. Yet, this same feeling causes him to get depressed because he feels like a stranger in his own milieu. His suppressed sexuality has added to his depression and disenchantment with his real life and those around him. Although there is nothing overt, however, Paul does seem to have certain homosexual tendencies. Whether it is how he hangs around Charley Edwards of the stock company, or a hint about how badly his night out with a rich boy from Yale ends, or his repulsion at getting married, it seems as if Paul is secretly a homosexual, which cau ses him to further disenfranchise himself from the social scene he belongs to. It is precisely because he does not relate to those around him and cannot be part of those he wants that, rather than go back to lead a â€Å"normal† life, that he kills himself. Sonny Blues Sonny and his brother were born about seven years apart, which seem like a chasm to the latter. What is more, both brothers are quite different temperamentally as well. The elder brother seems to be more accepting of his circumstances, and does not try to escape them, but rather try to make his life within them. He left Harlem, and yet has taken residence in a project, with his wife and children. Moreover, after retiring from the army he has taken up a job as an algebra teacher – a solid, respectable sort of job by society’s standards. Sonny, on the other hands, seems to be rebelling against his circumstances. Whether it is drugs or his music, he seems to want to break free from Harlem both in bod y and in spirit. In music, he seems to have found his escape, and ironically, drugs play a part in that too, despite him wanting to leave Harlem to avoid becoming an addict. Musicians are never considered to be the â€Å"solid respectable type† in society, and what is more, Baldwin depicts how Sonny actually did not even have much idea about how to make a living by music. The young African-American men are up against the two â€Å"darknesses† according to Baldwin. The first being the reality of

Virtual simulation in business Essay Example for Free

Virtual simulation in business Essay Management games (or business simulations) have been finding favour in business education in recent years. Business simulations that incorporate a dynamic model enable experimentation with business strategies in a risk free environment and provide a useful extension to case study discussions. training sessions anytime and anyplace on a global basis. †¢ Faster time to insight †¢ Lower training costs; higher training capacity for training staff †¢ Faster time to competence; better coordination of inter organizational activity †¢ Minimize operational error for dangerous job tasks Faster capture, dissemination, and application of lessons learned actual manufacturing environments. Some features include: †¢ Real-world what if Scenarios †¢ Industry Control Systems †¢ Multi-axis Milling Turning †¢ NC Programs †¢ Collision Detection †¢ Material Removal Other applications of virtual simulation Flight simulators, marine simulators and truck simulators are very popular virtual systems. Figure 11. A flight simulator (from Wikipedia) Performance enhancements are a well-known advantage of simulator training. Researchers have shown that flight simulators effectively improve pilot performance related to landing skills (Hays, Jacobs, Prince, Salas, 1992) and instrument and flight control abilities (Pfeiffer, Horey, Butrimas, 1991). Training using virtual environments has also been demonstrated to improve user performance. For example, Sebrechts (2000) found that wayfinding ability (ability to navigate through a space) was greater in users who were allowed to explore a virtual environment in comparison to the actual building. To successfully evaluate performance in their own programs, trainers should proceed through four levels of training evaluation including reaction, learning, behavior, and results. In addition, trainers who wish to measure performance must begin with valid and reliable performance metrics. Technical obstacles or barriers to development or usage Implications to a manager in a high-technology organization Trends: Future directions in historical or other dimensions THE FUTURE Technologies such as Simulation and Virtual Reality will dominate the entertainment and science forefronts well into the next Century. Since early childhood, we have always learned by role playing and building models of things. With todays computer prices, personal computers are highly affordable. Armed with your computer, you can proceed to build models of reality and let them loose to see what happens and to learn more about reality by modeling it. While what we may do today may be primitive by standards set in science fiction shows such as Star Trek (The Holodeck) and Lawnmower Man, the present computer simulation discipline will lead the way to these eventual goals. The key word is digital as pointed out by many such as Nicholas Negroponte at the MIT Media Lab in his recent text Being Digital. We want to create digital replicas of everything you see as you look around you while reading this article. When you want to construct a digital world, you will pick digital objects, using a 3D, immersive construction tool to put them together. The digital objects may be located anywhere on the Internet and you will use help tools (or autonomous agents) to locate the building block objects for your digital world. Some of this type of work is being done in Distributed Interactive Simulation which is a thrust pioneered by the Department of Defense. The implications of these types of simulations are profound since the idea of distributed simulation has enormous potential, also, in industrial and entertainment fields. (Fishwick, 1995)